A newspaper is a serial publication containing news, other
informative articles (listed below), and advertising. A newspaper is usually
but not exclusively printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as
newsprint. The news organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often
metonymically called newspapers. Most newspapers are now published online as
well as in print. The online versions are called online newspapers or news
sites.
Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly. News
magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format.
History
In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement
bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in
public places.
In China, early government-produced news-sheets, called
Dibao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and
third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of
the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was
handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the
first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late
Ming Dynasty.[8]
In Early modern Europe the increased cross-border interaction
created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten
news-sheets, called avvisi. In 1556, the government of Venice first published
the monthly Notizie scritte, which cost one gazetta, a small coin.These avvisi
were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and
economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700)—sharing
some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true
newspapers.
However, none of these publications fully met the classical
criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the
general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.
Europe
The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be
seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the
publishing press derives its name.
The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen und
gedenckwürdigen Historien, printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in
Strasbourg, is often recognized as the first newspaper.At the time, Strasbourg
was a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; the
first newspaper of modern Germany was the Avisa, published in 1609 in
Wolfenbüttel.
Other early papers include:
The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. ('Courant
from Italy, Germany, etc.') of 1618 was the first to appear in folio- rather
than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to
newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own
country.
The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy,
Germany, etc., was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later,
Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France
and the Low Countreys. was published in England by an "N.B."
(generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas
Archer.
The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La
Gazette (originally published as Gazette de France).
The first newspaper in Portugal, A Gazeta da Restauração, was
published in 1641 in Lisbon. The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid, was
published in 1661.
Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post
Tijdender) was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper
still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.
Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem, first published in
1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the
newspaper Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since
then the Haarlems Dagblad has appeared with the subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse
Courant 1656.
Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny was published in Kraków, Poland
in 1661.
The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was
published from 1702 to 1735.
To be continued…
References
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